Verb Master 動詞達人

【一天精通一單字】Presume
空中英語教室8月17-19文章：The New Fantastic Four (驚奇四超人的新面孔)，列出十二個單字，其中用到一個高級字：Presume(假設)，今天的主題！

為什麼作者不用比較簡單的Suppose或Assume？因為Suppose, Assume, Presume三個字之間有微妙的差異~

封面主題：
My sassy girl always presumes on my generosity.
(我的野蠻女友老是濫用我的慷慨)

【空中英語教室 Aug 17th – 19th】
單字庫(Word Bank):
Installment, Predecessor, Mainstream, Script, Breakthrough, Disturbance, Controversy, Continuity, Presume, Prosthetics, Narrative, Ethnically

Installment，分期付款，[ɪn'stɔlmənt]
* Installment Plan，分期付款(專案)
* Installment Loan，分期貸款
* Installment Payment，分期付款金
I paid for my laptop by monthly installment.
(我按月分期付款買我的筆記型電腦)

Installment，連載小說或漫畫的其中一冊
The elderly author died before the final installment of his series.
(老作家在他最後一集叢書出版前過世)
It’s the first installment of the Back To The Future trilogy.
(這本書是回到未來三部曲第一部)

Predecessor，前任、前款，['prɛdəsɛsɚ]
* Predecessor不一定指前一任，只要是以前的都是Predecessor
* 前一任用Previous或Former比較清楚
Bill Clinton is one of Obama’s predecessors.
(比爾柯林頓是歐巴馬的前任之一)
iPhone6s has more powerful processor than its predecessor.
(iPhone 6s的處理器比先前的款式更強悍)

Mainstream，主流的，['menstrim]
* Primary, Dominant互通
* Mainstream不一定是好，too mainstream意指「太普通」，too common
* 主流派Mainstream Party，非主流派Non-mainstream Party
iPhone is too mainstream, so I got myself HTC.
(iPhone實在太普遍，所以我用了HTC)
Men are too mainstream，so I date beasts.
(跟男人交往太普通，所以我找野獸)

Script，劇本，[skrɪpt]
* 等於Screenplay
* 電影劇本叫Movie Script，script是劇本，演員讀的
* 電影對白叫Movie Transcript，transcript是講稿，演員講的
I got the original film script of Harry Potter 6.
(我拿到哈利波特6的原始劇本)
I learned my English out of movie transcripts.
(我從電影對白學英文)

Breakthrough，突破，['brek'θrʊ]
* 用法：make a breakthrough
Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of AIDS.
(科學家在愛滋病治療取得重大突破)

Disturbance，騷動、風波，[dɪ'stɝbəns]
* 用法：Cause a disturbance，製造騷動
* Civil Disturbance，內亂
The UFO landing caused a disturbance to local residents.
(幽浮的降落造成當地居民混亂)

Controversy，爭議，['kɑntrə'vɝsi]
* 用法：provoke a controversy，激起爭議
* 搭配介係詞Over或About
His remark provoked a controversy around the island.
(他的言論引發全島的爭議)
There’s a controversy over the sovereignty of Diaoyu islands.
(釣魚島的主權仍然有爭議)
* sovereignty，主權，['sɑvrənti]

Continuity，連續性、連貫性，['kɑntə'nʊəti]
* 用法：continuity of something，某件事情的連續性
We need to ensure the continuity of our business.
(我們必須確保企業的持續經營)

Presume，假定、推測，[prɪ'zum]
* 類似Assume和Suppose，但是語意上有微妙差異
* Assume是客觀的假設：I assume she has gone. (我猜她已經走了)
* Presume是主觀的推論：I presume she has gone. (我認為她已經走了)
I presume we will get there by 4pm.
(我認為我們下午四點以前應該會到)

Prosthetics，義肢？[prɑs'θɛtɪks]
* Prosthetics是積非成是的用法，正確的寫法是Prosthesis或Prostheses(複數)，Prosthetic是形容詞
* 不只義肢，假牙、假生殖器等取代身體外觀的任何部位都叫Prosthesis
She's had a prosthesis fitted on her leg.
(她的腳裝了義肢)
She's got a prosthetic limb.
(她的腳裝了義肢)

Narrative，描述、講述，['nærətɪv]
* Narrative是相當正式的字，一般用Description就可以
* Narrative也可以當形容詞，narrative writing，敘述性的文章(用對話和說明來表達)
The narrative of the movie conflicts with the book.
(電影的描述和書上的有衝突)

Ethnically，人種上、種族上，['ɛθnɪkli]
* 源自於形容詞Ethnic，比方Ethnic Chinese(華裔)
* 通常指少數民族，例如Ethnic Cooking(民族烹飪)、Ethnic Fashion(民族服裝)、Ethnic Music(民族音樂)
This country is culturally and ethnically diverse.
(這個國家有許多不同的文化和族群)

【Presume專論】
Presume、Assume、Suppose都是假設，有以下差異：

第一：Presume是有過去經驗的推論，Assume純屬臆測
I assume you are her boyfriend.
(我猜你是她男朋友)

第二：Presume比較主觀，Pre預先，先入為主的的假設，有「想當然爾」的味道
From the way you talked, I presume you to be her boyfriend.
(從你講話的態度，想必他是她的男朋友)

第三：Suppose比Presume更主觀，貼切的中文是「假定」
I suppose you’re her boyfriend.
(我認為你是她男朋友)

結論：
Assume(假設)，Presume(預先假設)，Suppose(假定)

Presume，預先假設
We must presume innocence until we have hard evidence.
(在沒有鐵證之前，我們必須假設對方無罪)
The passengers on Malaysia Airlines MH370 were presumed dead.
(馬航370上的乘客已經被認定死亡)

Presume，擅自作主
I presumed to invite myself to the party.
(我擅自主張邀請我自己來聚會)
I would never presume to tell you what to do.
(我不會擅自作主要你做什麼)

Presume，意味著
The forging technique of the Sword of Goujian presumes the hi-tech of ancient China.
(越王劍的鍛造技術意味著中國古代擁有高科技)

常用片語：Presume On，利用、濫用
* presume on one’s friendship，濫用朋友交情
* presume on one’s generosity，慷他人之慨
He presumed on his position to give me a job.
(他濫用職權給我一弄份工作)
I don’t want to presume on his generosity to ask for more help.
(我不想濫用他的慷慨求他給更多的幫助)
The sassy girl presumed on my friendship.
(這野蠻女孩濫用跟我是朋友的關係)

常用片語：Presume On，依賴
We don’t presume on his promise.
(我們不可以仰望他的承諾)
We can only presume on God’s mercy.
(我們只能仰賴老天爺的同情)